Because the illegal use of REASONING is fatal... (क्योंकि तर्कबुद्धि का अवैध प्रयोग घातक होता है...)

It is believed that while animals and birds do not have the ability to reason, the uniqueness of human lies in their rationality. The general meaning of 'Rationality' or 'Reasoning' is - Analytical power; Power to differentiate between right and wrong; The power to make right decisions and the Power to prove one's decisions. However, today we cannot say with certainty that reasoning is limited to man only because in some animals and birds (such as monkeys, chimpanzees, etc.), a less developed form of reasoning has been observed. Computers have also left humans miles behind in terms of reasoning ability. In spite of all these facts, it is true that rationality plays a big role in our practical public life.  

Whenever two people do not agree on an issue, they want to influence each other with their own arguments. This mentality is hidden at the root of 'debate'. Debates are essential characteristics of a living and progressing society. Walter Bagehot has also said that "The culture of imitation is found in most societies, but only a few societies have been blessed with discussion and debate; and it is not surprising that only those few societies in the world have been able to progress on the path of development."  

My purpose is to discuss what carelessness we should avoid when using logic. Indeed, eloquent people know how to deceive an audience? 

1. The first argument fallacy, which happens to all of us to the greatest extent, is that we forget the relation between 'logic' and 'conclusion'. It is simple that logic is the means and the conclusion is the end. We argue for and against a subject so that we can reach the right conclusion. But if we have already decided the conclusion, then the conclusion is not established according to the logic, but according to the conclusion arguments start being made. In the language of logic it is called 'Assuming the Conclusion Fallacy' (name given by Aristotle). Leaders or spokespersons of political parties can easily be seen doing this because they are obliged to justify the opinion of their party.  

2. There is a second fallacy - 'Illicit Generalization'.  This too often leads us to wrong conclusions in our everyday lives. It means to draw more comprehensive conclusions on the basis of limited examples. For example, on the JNU issue, people from both sides used this logical fallacy deliberately. If on the basis of some slogans someone says that the entire JNU was involved in raising anti-national slogans, then it is illicit generalization. Our conclusion should be as comprehensive as our facts. If it is wider than that, the conclusion will be invalid. 

3. The third prevalent logic fallacy is what is also called the mentality of 'Dichotomy'. It means to assume that we can only be in 'favour' or 'against' of any subject, there is no third option. For example, if someone asks you whether you are modern or conservative;  So the answer cannot be either of these two. Perhaps no one is just modern or just conservative. Before reasoning, we must understand that real life does not run only on 'Pros' or 'Cons', but rests on more or less mixture of both. On a deeper level, it is understood that nothing is 'black' or 'white', every color is ultimately 'grey'.  

4. A well-known fallacy is one in which we see things only as 'whole' or 'absolute', not realizing that 'partial', 'relative' or 'quantitative' differences also play an important role. In the language of logic it is called the 'All or Nothing Fallacy'. This means that an honest person will be considered honest only when he is 100% honest. If he commits dishonesty even 0.01%, he will be treated as dishonest and will be placed in the same category which includes dishonest people in 99.99% of cases. Mathematically, even though it is true that this person is also dishonest, but it should be kept in mind that practical life does not run on mathematics. We also have to understand the difference between 'more honest' and 'less honest', 'more dishonest' and 'less dishonest'.  

** Argument-fallacies are infinite and they can be discussed for an infinite amount of time, but they are neither expected nor doable. The essence is that if nature or God has given us the boon of intelligence, then we should not misuse it. While making assumptions or drawing conclusions, be careful about the rules of logic because in a democracy it is the beliefs of the society that decide whether the society will progress or decline? Our negligence towards logical rules can eventually lead to the downfall of the society!!!